I used to scald milk (in an Instant Pot this is the yogurt "high" setting) before making yogurt, but no longer do so.
Now I buy UHT pasteurized milk, which encompasses most organic milk, and simply run 18 hours of the Instant Pot "medium" setting. I start the instant pot, add two half gallons of milk, then pour in some Bulgarian yogurt as a starter and stir, then lid on and leave it alone until it beeps at me.
I normally get around three gallons of yogurt out of a one quart jar of the Bulgarian, which comes in a conveniently Mason-threaded quart jar, where I hoard the leftovers for storing my own yogurt.
Why did you switch from scalding regular milk to UHT? 18 hours is a long time to make yogurt. I do the scalding, let it cool in a fridge for an hour, and then make yogurt for 6.5 hours. This works for non-UHT milk (doesn't for UHT).
Not OP, but I've found that using UHT (or semi-UHT as many refrigerated organic milks are in Australia) works just as well as a heat->cool of non-UHT (after all, UHT is just milk that has been heated then cooled). So it's less work/fussing around/friction, and I end up making yoghurt more often. I usually do a 12 hour cycle. The heating (either at home, or via UHT) is necessary to modify the proteins so it thickens.
Interesting. For me (in the US), UHT was usually a failure - but as I said, I do it for only 6.5 hours. I could try doing it for longer, and I guess that's convenient for overnight. But otherwise, heating + 6.5 hours for regular milk is faster.
What I don't understand is: Why does heating + 6.5 hours work for non-UHT milk but not for UHT? It's not just me - I Googled at the time and many others had the same experience: UHT milk often fails. Like me, they all were doing 6-8 hours.
Googling now, I see lots of people arguing if UHT makes it harder to make yogurt or not. Personally, I'd like to see examples of people making decently thick yogurt (without straining) in under 7 hours with UHT (whether they scald or not).
This site[1] says there was a study done that showed unheated UHT was runnier than heated non-UHT. I didn't check the study to see how long they set it for.
This site[2] also points out that UHT for 10 hours was still quite runny. They had to add powdered milk to get it thicker.
So I haven't tried actual UHT; I use 'ultra-pasteurised' organic milk, which is refrigerated, but has a much longer expiry date than you would expect from milk, and you can taste the extra heat treatment. 8 hours works great and gives a thick yoghurt (haven't tried less than that; usually do overnight so around 12 hours). It does tend to get progressively less thick generation after generation. I use a supermarket organic plain yoghurt as a starter (there's a certain ratio of starter yoghurt to milk required - I use 4 Tbsp yoghurt to 1L milk)
When I try to use UHT milk, I usually fail in making yogurt. But that may be because I do 6.5 hours and he's doing 18 hours. Perhaps you need to go so long with UHT?
I just use the functions on my Instant Pot. The "Boil" function brings it to around 180°F. Then I let it cool to between 90-115°F before adding the yogurt. Then use the "More" function and it sets a timer for 12 hours ("Less" goes for 24, and I've never used it). All of these functions are available under the yogurt button on the Instant Pot.
My understanding is it may be possible to skip the boiling if you are using ultrapasteurized milk (lactose-free milk often is) from a just-opened container.
> A vaccinated person can have no symptoms of covid and still be spreading
Aren't the efficacy numbers from the phase 3 trials based on giving periodic PCR tests to everyone that was participating in the trials? And not just based on people self-reporting symptoms?
It would be very surprising if there were a new kind of asymptomatic carrier that emerged only for people having taken certain vaccines in which they would never test positive on a PCR test but could still spread covid. The odds that this is how the vaccines work seems very small, relative to the number of times this argument that "we don't know yet" is getting repeated.
It just seems strange to me that so many people are hung up on pointing out that this small possibility is still a possibility. It seems more likely that this will drive more people to skip the vaccine, since they're being told they can't even go back to normal once vaccinated, than anything else.
I don't think the fact that you might be still spreading covid when vaccinated is enough of a reason to continue lockdown. As long we are continually getting people vaccinated, we should be fine for returning to normal.
Depends on the particular trial, but the clinical trial data used to get FDA approval usually measures symptomatic cases, which is a combination of coronavirus symptoms and positive PCR test.
There's some additional data which indicates Pfizer and Moderna are likely to limit transmission, but from my understanding it's not as ironclad as the symptomatic cases data.
Only for a few hours though, not 2 weeks+, and viruses don't mutate on a doorknob. Someone who got vaccine and falls in the ineffective category will likely not die but will be a spreader for a few weeks, with some nonzero probability of mutation, and that times 1/3 of the population that got the vaccine would give the virus a lot of opportunity to mutate.
Boolean truthy = new Boolean(false);
truthy = null; // compiles just fine
The reason Boolean (and other boxed primitive types) exist is because it is an Object (a reference type) and that allows them to be used in things like collections that expect Objects and not primitive types.
Looking at https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/401 it's not totally clear to me at the moment how you can use ValueTypes (primitive keyword) in Collections. Might be that you'll need to take a reference to them with Type.ref (but I need to read 401 in more detail to understand that).
> Looking at https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/401 it's not totally clear to me at the moment how you can use ValueTypes (primitive keyword) in Collections.
JEP 401 won't cover it quite yet, note this from the "Non Goals" section:
> An important followup effort, not covered by these JEPs, will enhance the JVM to specialize generic classes and bytecode for different primitive value type layouts.
It wasn't until recently that I understood for myself just how large the surface area of the "value types" problem is - it will be delivered incrementally. JEP 401 and 402 are the first steps (if I were to guess they will show up as previews soon? maybe JDK 17 or 18?), but there is more to come.
That's not exactly the same thing... It can also (again I don't know if this is part of the jep or not) be used to perform stack based destructors (finalize) and then Java could implement RAII. Reading the jep it discusses perhaps rejecting finalize as function on primitive objects, so this might not be in scope.
Additionally, the type is also lighter weight than an Object and should be stack allocated, so there are memory advantages to not having to use boxed types as well.
> How does making Optionals allocated on the stack (value types) prevent this?
Let's not confuse language specification issues with implementation issues. Both value and object types can be allocated on the stack. Both can be allocated on the heap. Both can not be allocated at all and can be scalar replaced. So this isn't the meaningful difference!
> I don't think its particularly associated with SETI.
That depends on what you mean by "associated". It's not associated directly with SETI the institute, but it was the site of the first systematic/scientific search (and false positive) for extra-terrestrial intelligence lead by Frank Drake. It is also the place where The Order of the Dolphin (Drake, Carl Sagan, Otto Struve, et al.) met and developed the Drake Equation.
The telescope there is amazing. It's worth a visit, they have a visitor's center and tours. I was there for the 50th anniversary celebration, in 2006, and want to go back some day.
Just a heads up, but the GA courses on Udacity don't have any of the programming assignments anymore only the multiple choice quizzes and videos. They were removed when the OMCS program was introduced I think because GA wanted to use those assignments internally.
